The Soviet Union

• Lenin--1918-1920
• Civil War
• Centralization
• Nationalization
• Land
• Industry

Theory of Soviet State

• workers (class)
• communist party
• party leadership
• state
• economy

Dual Structure

• Party and State
• State Power

Communism vs. Socialism

• Social Democracy/Democratic Socialism

Famine 1920-21

New Economic Policy

• "NEP" 1921-1928
• Peasant Control
•  
• Religious Freedom
• Party/Upward Mobility/Workers
• Artistic Freedom
• Women
• Literacy

Lenin's Death 1924

Problem of Succession

• Mausoleum

The Party

• Leon Trotsky
• Joseph Stalin

Party Bureaucracy

• Capitalist Revival
• World Revolution

JOSEPH STALIN

• State Planning/Control
  • Support of Party
  • Support of Urban Working Class
• Socialism in One Country

Trotsky

• Expelled 1927
• My Life 1930
• Murdered 1940

Socialism

• Democratic Socialist
• Communist (Lenin)
  • Stalinist (Soviet)
  • Trotskyite

Five Year Plan 1928-1932

• 1913-1936:
• Coal x 4
• Iron x 4
• Oil x 4
• Electricity x 13

Planning vs. Depression

End of Russian Peasantry

• Agricultural Output/Markets
• Kulaks
• Collective Farms
• ? million dead
• Forced Labor

The Great Terror 1932-38

• Religion and art
• Assault on Party
• Show Trials
• Assault on Red Army
• Gulags

France "Great Terror

• 35,000 Victims

Soviet "Great Terror"

• Kulaks 22 million
• Purged 19 million
• Wartime 9 million

Justification?

• The end (a workers state) justifies the means.
• The ethics of war--class war
• Mental illness
• "Power corrupts. absolute power corrupts absolutely" Lord Acton
• Unrestrained state power

Nazi-Soviet Pact 1939

Wartime Terror

Image of Communism

1984