Two More Big Stories:

Sustained Population Growth

Sustained Economic Growth 

• Agricultural
• Industrial 

Population Growth

Why Does Population Grow?

Higher Birth Rates?

History of Intimacy

Christian Marriage

• Woman's Public Consent Required for Marriage (I do....)
• Divorce Almost Impossible
• Marriage as Consent to Sex
• Dependent Labor & Sexual Exploitation
• Rape a Serious Crime

Pre-Marital Sex Tolerated if Followed by Marriage.

• Widespread, but
  • The Single Mother...not good

Chesterfield Parish Church

Fertility Control

• Limits of our Knowledge
• Age of Marriage: Late Marriages in West (in 20s),i.e. abstinence
• Abortion?
• Infanticide (rarely prosecuted)
• Contraception?
  • Herbal
  • Barriers (sponges, cloth, animal intestines?)
  • Unreliable

Death Rates?

• Medical Care..no germ theory of disease
• Some Epidemic Diseases Appear to have been Waning

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Age of Marriage: earlier. Why?

Thomas Malthus

• Essay on Population 1798
• Food Supply....arithmetic growth
  • 1, 2, 3, 4.....
• Population....geometric growth
  • 2, 4, 16, 256.....

Growth of Agricultural Output

• More Land Brought Into Cultivation
• Atlantic Slavery
• Intense Exploitation of Agricultural Labor (women)
• Fertility Decisions? Age of Marriage

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• Great Britain
• Manufacturing Sector
• "Artisans"
• Piece Work
• International Trade in Textiles

 Application of Inanimate Power (coal/steam)

Textiles

• Spinning
• 1780s
• Spinster
• Bottleneck

Spinning Jenny

James Watt link

• "Old Bess" 1778
• Science Museum in London

Power Spinning/Factories

INDUSTRIAL AREAS

The Industrial City: Manchester

 Coal

Who Gets the Money?

New Elites

• Ownership of wealth (factories)
• "Self-made Men"...entrepreneurs
• "Means of production"
• New inherited wealth: unearned income

Who Does the Work?

Labor Theory of Value

Working People (Working Class)

• Wage Earners: free labor (more or less)
• Family Labor
• Women & Children in Factories

Pattern of Work

• St. Monday
• Clock Time

Relationship to Superiors

Technology (more bottlenecks)

• Growth in hand production
• Weaving. 1820s
• The Power Loom

Globalization

• Growth in agriculture
• Steam Processing
  • The Cotton Gin...1790s
  • Slavery in the American South
• Steam Transportation
  • Steamship
  • Railroad.

   

Questions for Review

What were the primary forms of family limitation in eighteenth century Europe?

What were some possible reasons for changes in the birth rate, or the death rate?

Why was agricultural output growing in the eighteenth century?

Why did the first major technological breakthrough of the industrial revolution occur in the spinning industry?

Why did the owners of the industrial and commercial "means of production" believe that they deserved their wealth?

What is the "labor theory of value?"

What were the most important changes in the character of work in industrial districts?