Key Dates

1789-1914

The Long Nineteenth Century

The Legacy of the The French Revolution and Napoleon

The Big Story: Conservatism and Liberalism

 Conservative Politics

• Monarchy
• Aristocracy
• Established Church

Liberal/Radical Politics

• Representative Government
• Equality Before the Law
• Freedom of Religion

Contradictions

• Status of Women
• Race/Slavery

The Legacy of Napoleon: The Balance of Power 

THE DIRECTORY 1794-1799

• France divided: why?
• Search for Stability: but where?

THE CONSULATE 1799-1804

THE EMPIRE 1804-1815

NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

Imperial Expansion under the Directory

• Egypt: French military invasion under Napoleon
• "Orientalism": Western Scholarship on "The Orient"
• Middle East, and beyond, as "Oriental"
• Islam as "the Other"
• Western Fascination with Ancient Egypt
•  Seizure of Power 1799: Military Coup

THE CONSULATE 1799-1804

The Military: A Stable Institution

The Law: a stable institution

Civil Code

• Written code of law
• Equality Before the Law: for men
• Contrast with Anglo-American common law, based on legal precedent
• The Family: a stable institution based on male head of household
• Status of Women
  • A Streetcar Named Desire, by Tennessee Williams
• Divorce

 Aristocracy

• A New One: The Legion of Honor
• Appointed by Napoleon; later made hereditary

The Churches/Religion: Catholic, Protestant, Jew made equal, state funded

 Slavery

• 1802 Invaded St. Domingue (Haiti)Toussaint Arrested and sent to France, died
• 1803. Toussaint's army ultimately defeated French invaders
• 1804 Full Independence declared from France for Haiti.

THE EMPIRE 1804-1815

A New King

Referendum

CORONATION

• Empress Josephine--divorced 1810
• Malmaison

TRAFALGAR 1805

Napoleonic Empire

"War of 1812"

INVASION OF RUSSIA

BORODINO 1812

Returned to Paris, raised a new army

(why would the French people fight for Napoleon?)

1813 Battle of Leipzig: Finally defeated in the field

1814 Exile to island of Elba

• Escaped, raised a new army...again.

1815 Waterloo, exiled to St. Helena

Memoirs

1821 Death.

1815--Congress of Vienna

Restore Order

• Hereditary Rule
• Aristocracy
• Established Christian Churches

BALANCE OF POWER

The Great Powers

• Great Britain
• Russia
• Prussia
• Austria

NATIONALISM

• Do you love your country?
• What is your country?
• The German Question: one language, many rulers
• The Austro-Hungarian question: one ruler, many nationalities

The Case for Conservatism

• Monarchy = Order
• Aristocracy = Order
• Churches = Morality
• Prince Metternich of Austria

 The Struggle for Liberalism

• French Revolution of 1830
• British Reform Bill 1832
• European Revolutions of 1848

The Restoration of Order

• Napoleon III 1851-1870

Questions for Review:

What problems did Napoleon solve by seizing power in 1799?

Why did he regard it as necessary to promulgate an entirely new legal code?

What were the distinctive features of the French Civil Code?

Why was Napoleon loved and admired by so many men and women in France?

What do you think of Napoleon?

Why was nationalism such a threat to hereditary rule?

Why would someone be attracted to conservative politics and conservative ideas in the years after 1815?