1789-1914 Long Nineteenth Century

1914-1991 Short Twentieth Century

1815-1870 Liberalism and Conservatism

1. Conservatism 

1815--Congress of Vienna

Restore Order

• Hereditary Rule (France..."The Restoration")
• Aristocracy
• Established Christian Churches

BALANCE OF POWER

The Great Powers

• Great Britain
• Russia
• Prussia
• Austria

NATIONALISM

• Do you love your country?
• What is your country?
• The German Question: one language, many rulers
• The Austro-Hungarian question: one ruler, many nationalities

The Case for Conservatism

• Prince Metternich of Austria
• What to do with France?

Restoration of the Old Regime

• Louis XVIII 1815-1824
• Charles X 1824-1830

 REVOLUTION OF 1830--France

• Louis Phillippe 1830-1848
• Constitutional Monarchy
• Representation

Great Britain--Reform Bill of 1832

• Gradual Reform

EUROPE--REVOLUTIONS OF 1848

• Restoration of Order 1848-1851
• Napoleon III 1851-1870

2. What About Women?

• Suffrage?
• Equality Before the Law?

Olympe de Gouges

Declaration of the Rights of Woman & the Female Citizen 1791

Mary Wollstonecraft

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman 1792

Natural Rights for Women

GENDER

• French Civil Code

• Separate Spheres

   

• Nature of Women
  • Home, Church, Children
  • Sexual Purity
• Nature of Men
  • Responsible Masculinity

   

Sexuality

Willam Acton

• Functions and Disorders of the Reproductive Organs 1857
• Non-reproductive sex

Gender and the Novel--women authors

• Jane Austen 1775-1817
• Mary Shelley 1797-1851
• Charlotte Bronte 1816-1855
  • Jane Eyre 1847
  • "The Marriage Plot"
• Elizabeth Gaskell 1810-1865
  • Mrs. Gaskell
• George Eliot 1819-1880
  • Mary Ann Evans

   

3. Slavery and Serfdom

• Free vs. Unfree Labor
• The Enlightenment
  • Montesquieu, Spirit of Laws, 1748 (anti-slavery)

American Revolution

• Is There Conservatism in America?
  • Property Limits on Representation
  • Male Suffrage
  • A Slave Republic: States Rights and Racism
  • Democracy and White Rule

BRITISH EMPIRE

Slave Trade

Religion

• Evangelical Revival--Christian unity of humanity
• Abolitionism
• Slave Trade Abolished 1807
• Jamaica: the Baptist War of 1831
• Jamaica: Slave Owners Bought Out 1834

SPANISH EMPIRE

Independent nations 1816-1830

• Liberal Constitutions
• Influence of French Civil Code

Slavery abolished:

• Mexico 1829
• Columbia 1851
•  Venezuela 1854

French Empire: Revolution of 1848

The United States of America 1865

• Failure of Abolitionism
• Slavery and Religion in the American South
•  Secession and Civil War--military force
• Contrast with ending of slavery elsewhere in the Americas

Spanish Empire Cuba 1886

Brazil 1888

SERFDOM--1861

Russian Conservatism

• Tsar Alexander II (1855-1881)
• Reform from Above
• Serfdom Abolished 1861

Questions for Review

Why did the representatives of the great powers assembled at the Congress of Vienna regard the restoration of a "balance of power" as one of their central goals?

Why was nationalism such a threat to hereditary rule?

Why would someone be attracted to conservative politics and conservative ideas in the years after 1815?

Why was the definition of "separate spheres" for men in women so important in the early and mid- nineteenth century?

What were the most important reasons for the abolition of slavery in the western world and its empires?