EUROPEAN EXPANSION

• Christendom
• Jews
• Islam

Sailing Beyond Islam: Around Africa

Atlantic Slavery

• Commodities
• Gold
• Humans as Trade Commodities in Africa
• The Invasion of the Americas
• Sugar Plantations in Atlantic Islands and West Indies

Global Struggle for Power

India and the "East Indies"

• East India Company 1600
• Army
• Defeat of France in India: Treaty of Paris 1763
• Separation of governing and trading powers
  • Pitt's India Act of 1784
  • East India Charter Act 1793
  • East India Act of 1813

North America: "settler colonies"

• Slavery and Indentured Servitude
• Religious Refugees
• Wars with France
  • Canada: Treaty of Paris 1763
  • The United States 1776
  • Australia: Botany Bay 1788

Global Struggle for Power

First Opium War 1839-1842

• Hong Kong

First Afghan War 1839-1842

• Dost Mohammed--Russian influence
• Shah Shuja
• General Elphinstone's death march
• 16,000 dead or captured
• Reprisals--Kabul levelled.

Lord Palmerston

• Foreign Secretary, 1830-1841, 1846-1851
• Home Secretary 1852-1855
• Prime Minister 1855-1865

Britain's Interests

• Freedom of the Seas
• Anti-Slavery
  • Slave Trade
  • Colonization: Niger Expedition of 1841
• Balance of Power
• No "entangling alliances"

Richard Cobden

• Non-intervention
• Free Trade

Crimean War 1853-1856

• Balance of Power in Middle East
• Russophobia in popular press
• 1854 Russian attack on Turkey

Purchase of Military Commissions

Times of London and telegraph

The Charge of the Light Brigade

• Lord Cardigan
• Lord Raglan
• Ronald

Overextended?

Reform

Indian Revolt of 1857

• Sepoys
• Meerut
• Mughal Emperor
• Kanpur
• Lucknow
• Delhi
• Revenge

Russian influence: The Great Game

Our Heroes: military and popular culture

1876: Queen Victoria "Empress of India"