Conservative Ascendancy

• Ireland (Unionism)
• Monarchy
• Aristocracy (Lord Salisbury)
• The Established Church
• Empire

The New Collectivism

• individualism

Capitalism and Poverty

• wealth and poverty
• low wages
• unemployment
  • cyclical
  • technological
  • markets
• inability to work
• inability to save enough

Elizabethan Poor Law

• pauper
• moralism--poverty & character
• individual responsibility
• generous/punitive attitudes

New Poor Law of 1834

• no out-relief or wage supplements
• workhouse as deterrent
• reinforce markets

Humanitarian reaction

Literature

• Workhouse
• children
• Charles Dickens 1812-1870

The Churches

• Religious Philanthropy
• district visitors
• school meals

The 1880s

Housing

• Andrew Mearns
• The Bitter Cry of Outcast London 1883

The Salvation Army

• William Booth 1829-1912
• Catherine Booth
• In Darkest England and the Way Out 1890

Labor Unions (unskilled)

Social Christianity (Social Gospel)

T. H. Green at Oxford

• Liberal Protestantism

Christianity as social duty

Mrs. Humphry Ward

• Robert Elsmere 1888

Settlement Houses

• Toynbee Hall
• University Hall (Mary Ward)

Charles Booth (Unitarian)

• Life and Labour of the People of London 1891-1903
• Old Age Pensions

The Classical Economists

• Adam Smith
• David Ricardo
• John Stuart Mill

The New Economics

• W. S. Jevons
  • The State in Relation to Labour 1887
  • State intervention and wages
• John Stuart Mill
  • Iron Law of Wages (revised)
  • investors vs wage earners

   

• J. A. Hobson
  • Imperialism 1902
  • Underconsumption
  • Low wages
• Henry George
  • Progress and Poverty 1879
  • Unearned income
  • Capital gains

   

• The Land Song
  • The land, the land, 'twas God who made the land,
  • The land, the land, the land on which we stand,
  • Why should we be beggars with the ballot in our hands,
  • God made the land for the people....

Calls for government intervention

• school meals
• old age pensions
• labor law reform
• land reform

Politics

• Radicalism
• Socialism
• "Progressivism"
  • London County Council
  • London School Board

Conservative Reaction

• Charity and Entitlement
• Charity Organisation Society (COS)
• Individual responsibility

Religion

Economics

Why were "collectivist" ideas becoming more persuasive by the first decade of the twentieth century?