DECLARATION OF RIGHTS OF MAN 1789

 Conservative Politics

• Monarchy
• Aristocracy
• Established Church

Liberal/Radical Politics

• Representative Government
• Equality Before the Law
• Freedom of Religion

Contradictions

• Status of Women
• Race/Slavery

MODERATE PHASE 1789-92

• Constitutional Monarchy
• Representative Government
• National Assembly
•  Legal Equality
•  Religious Toleration

 RADICAL PHASE 1792-94

Robespierre and the Jacobin Club

• Republicanism
• Universal Male Suffrage
• Citizen Army
• Wartime dictatorship: the terror
• Nationalism/Patriotism
•  Thermidorian Reaction 1794

THE DIRECTORY 1794-1799

• France divided: why?
• Search for Stability: but where?
• Needed a monarch without the old monarch,
• An aristocracy without the old aristocracy
• Religion without the old established church

 NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

Imperial Expansion under the Directory

• Egypt: French military invasion under Napoleon
• "Orientalism": Western Scholarship on "The Orient"
• Middle East, and beyond, as "Oriental"
• Western Fascination with Ancient Egypt
•  Seizure of Power 1799: Military Coup

THE CONSULATE 1799-1804

The Law: a stable institution

Civil Code

• Written code of law
• Contrast with Anglo-American common law, based on legal precedent
• The Family: a stable institution based on male head of household
• Status of Women

 Religion

• The Churches/Religion: Catholic, Protestant, Jew made equal, state funded

 Aristocracy

• A New One: The Legion of Honor
• Appointed by Napoleon; later made hereditary

THE EMPIRE 1804-1815

A New King

CORONATION

• Empress Josephine
• Malmaison Les Roses

TRAFALGAR 1805

Napoleonic Empire

"War of 1812"

INVASION OF RUSSIA

BORODINO 1812

Returned to Paris, raised a new army

(why would the French people fight for Napoleon?)

1813 Battle of Leipzig: Finally defeated in the field

1814 Exile to island of Elba

• Escaped, raised a new army...again.

1815 Waterloo, exiled to St. Helena

Memoirs

1821 Death.

Questions for Review:

What problems did Napoleon solve by seizing power in 1799?

Why did he regard it as necessary to promulgate an entirely new legal code?

What were the distinctive features of the French Civil Code?

Why was Napoleon loved and admired by so many men and women in France?

What do you think of Napoleon?